Dissertations / Theses: 'Banton language' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Most of the Web is published in languages that are not accessible to many potential users who are only able to read and understand their local languages. Many of these local languages are Resources Scarce Languages (RSLs) and lack the necessary resources, such as machine translation tools, to make available content more accessible. State of the art preprocessing tools and retrieval methods are tailored for Web dominant languages and, accordingly, documents written in RSLs are lowly ranked and difficult to access in search results, resulting in a struggling and frustrating search experience for speakers of RSLs. In this thesis, we propose the use of language similarities to match, re-rank and return search results written in closely related languages to improve the quality of search results and user experience. We also explore the use of shared morphological features to build multilingual stemming tools. Focusing on six Bantu languages spoken in Southeastern Africa, we first explore how users would interact with search results written in related languages. We conduct a user study, examining the usefulness and user preferences for ranking search results with different levels of intelligibility, and the types of emotions users experience when interacting with such results. Our results show that users can complete tasks using related language search results but, as intelligibility decreases, more users struggle to complete search tasks and, consequently, experience negative emotions. Concerning ranking, we find that users prefer that relevant documents be ranked higher, and that intelligibility be used as a secondary criterion. Additionally, we use a User-Centered Design (UCD) approach to investigate enhanced interface features that could assist users to effectively interact with such search results. Usability evaluation of our designed interface scored 86% using the System Usability Scale (SUS). We then investigate whether ranking models that integrate relevance and intelligibility features would improve retrieval effectiveness. We develop these features by drawing from traditional Information Retrieval (IR) models and linguistics studies, and employ Learning To Rank (LTR) and unsupervised methods. Our evaluation shows that models that use both relevance and intelligibility feature(s) have better performance when compared to models that use relevance features only. Finally, we propose and evaluate morphological processing approaches that include multilingual stemming, using rules derived from common morphological features across Bantu family of languages. Our evaluation of the proposed stemming approach shows that its performance is competitive on queries that use general terms. Overall, the thesis provides evidence that considering and matching search results written in closely related languages, as well as ranking and presenting them appropriately, improves the quality of retrieval and user experience for speakers of RSLs.

Abstract:

Cette thèse est une description formelle de la morphosyntaxe et de la syntaxe de l'ikota (Gabon, Bantu B25).Les données recueillies sur le terrain sont modélisées à l'aide de théories récentes (Paradigm FunctionMorphology (PFM), Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG)). Je montre qu'une description formelle adéquate permetun passage rapide à une implémentation des règles grammaticales sous forme de contraintes. En effet, cesrègles ont permis la génération automatique des formes nominales et verbales fléchies de cette languebantu à morphologie riche ainsi que la réalisation d’une grammaire électronique des phrases de base.En morphologie, mes analyses reposent en particulier sur le concept de classes de position tel que définidans Stump (2001). Je montre qu'une analyse 'plate' (i.e. non arborescente) fournit une description élégantedes différentes classes nominales, de leurs accords sur les démonstratifs, possessifs, relateurs, adjectifs etverbes ainsi que de la flexion verbale riche (définie sur x positions). Les formes morphologiques généréessont alors réutilisées en syntaxe, les traits associés aux formes servent à contraindre la combinatoire desarbres syntaxiques. XMG2 (eXtensible MetaGrammar, Petitjean 2014) est l'outil qui permet à la fois lagénération des formes fléchies et la génération des arbres dans une grammaire TAG lexicalisée
In this thesis, I propose a formal description of the morphosyntax and the syntax of Ikota (Bantu languageB25, spoken in Gabon). Field data are represented using recent linguistic theories (namely ParadigmFunction Morphology (PFM) and Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG)). I show how a formal description makes itpossible to quickly implement grammar rules as constraints. These rules allowed for the automaticgeneration of nominal and verbal inflected forms belonging to this morphologically-rich Bantu language,along with the creation of an electronic grammar covering core sentences.Regarding morphology, my analyses rely on the concept of position classes as defined in Stump (2001). Ishow how a 'flat' analyse, that is to say differing from a tree-based representation, provides an elegantdescription of several nominal classes, including agreements with demonstratives, possessives, relators,adjectives or verbs, and of rich verbal inflection (defined on x positions). Inflected forms generated from thisdescription are then reused in syntax, their morphosyntactic features allow for a reduced combinatory atparsing (fewer syntactic trees are considered according to the sentence to parse). XMG 2 (eXtensibleMetaGrammar, Petitjean 2014) is the framework which has been used for describing and generating bothinflected forms and lexicalised TAG trees

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2007.
Title from title page screen, viewed on February 13, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Bruce Hawkins, Susan Kalter (co-chairs), Kristin Dykstra. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 258-275) and abstract. Also available in print.

Abstract:

Cette thèse est une description formelle de la morphosyntaxe et de la syntaxe de l'ikota (Gabon, Bantu B25).Les données recueillies sur le terrain sont modélisées à l'aide de théories récentes (Paradigm FunctionMorphology (PFM), Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG)). Je montre qu'une description formelle adéquate permetun passage rapide à une implémentation des règles grammaticales sous forme de contraintes. En effet, cesrègles ont permis la génération automatique des formes nominales et verbales fléchies de cette languebantu à morphologie riche ainsi que la réalisation d’une grammaire électronique des phrases de base.En morphologie, mes analyses reposent en particulier sur le concept de classes de position tel que définidans Stump (2001). Je montre qu'une analyse 'plate' (i.e. non arborescente) fournit une description élégantedes différentes classes nominales, de leurs accords sur les démonstratifs, possessifs, relateurs, adjectifs etverbes ainsi que de la flexion verbale riche (définie sur x positions). Les formes morphologiques généréessont alors réutilisées en syntaxe, les traits associés aux formes servent à contraindre la combinatoire desarbres syntaxiques. XMG2 (eXtensible MetaGrammar, Petitjean 2014) est l'outil qui permet à la fois lagénération des formes fléchies et la génération des arbres dans une grammaire TAG lexicalisée
In this thesis, I propose a formal description of the morphosyntax and the syntax of Ikota (Bantu languageB25, spoken in Gabon). Field data are represented using recent linguistic theories (namely ParadigmFunction Morphology (PFM) and Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG)). I show how a formal description makes itpossible to quickly implement grammar rules as constraints. These rules allowed for the automaticgeneration of nominal and verbal inflected forms belonging to this morphologically-rich Bantu language,along with the creation of an electronic grammar covering core sentences.Regarding morphology, my analyses rely on the concept of position classes as defined in Stump (2001). Ishow how a 'flat' analyse, that is to say differing from a tree-based representation, provides an elegantdescription of several nominal classes, including agreements with demonstratives, possessives, relators,adjectives or verbs, and of rich verbal inflection (defined on x positions). Inflected forms generated from thisdescription are then reused in syntax, their morphosyntactic features allow for a reduced combinatory atparsing (fewer syntactic trees are considered according to the sentence to parse). XMG 2 (eXtensibleMetaGrammar, Petitjean 2014) is the framework which has been used for describing and generating bothinflected forms and lexicalised TAG trees

Abstract:

Le Mbochi, langue bantu de la zone C, est parlé au Congo-Brazzaville dans les régions de la Cuvette et des plateaux. Dans l'introduction, nous situons le peuple Mbochi à partir de la documentation existante. Le premier chapitre, Morphosyntaxe de la prédication" présente un inventaire des schèmes prédicatifs qui caractérisent la langue à partir des modalités énonciatives fondamentales : "l'assertion", l' "l'interrogation " et "l'intimation". Le deuxième et le dernier chapitres sont respectivement consacrés au nominal et au verbal. A propos du nominal, la consonne préfixale tombe devant tous les thèmes à initial e consonantique, même monosyllabiques. Mais la langue possède un certain nombre de noms dissyllabiques aux caractéristiques curieuses : mucu/mici, "voleur", boso/mese "visage", munga/minga "queue", busa/masi "jour" ou bosi/mesi "adultère". Au plan verbal, il y a deux ordres de mots en Mbochi. Lorsqu'un énoncé est à la forme affirmative, l'ordre des mots est SVO. Et le verbe exerce la fonction de "prédicat". Par contre, lorsqu'un énoncé est à la forme négative, l'ordre des mots est SOV. Et le verbe n'exerce pas la fonction de "prédicat" ; il ne porte pas les marques de temps et d'aspect.

Abstract:

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the applicability and suitability of the syntactic decomposition approach to account for the causative and anticausative alternation in Kikongo (Kizombo) in terms of the structural nodes of Voice, vCAUS and Root as posited in this approach to (anti-)causativity (see Alexiadou 2010). In addition, the aspectual approach postulated by Vendler (1957) and further developed by Verkuyl (1972) and Smith (1997) is invoked for the reason that the two alternants in the causative and anticausative alternation in Kikongo (Kizombo) are associated with aspectual verb class differences. Research on the causative and anticausative alternation has long been the focus of extensive work in typological and theoretical linguistics. Two central issues revolve around the debate: first the properties of meaning that determine the alternation and the derivational relationship between the alternants, and second, the relation between the causative alternation and other transitivity alternations, e.g. passives and middles. This dissertation demonstrates that there is a wide range of acceptability judgments associated with anticausative uses of Kizombo in externally and internally caused change of state and change of location/position verbs. The verb root is the element of meaning that allows the Kizombo verbs to alternate irrespective of their verb classes, including agentive verb roots. All the causative variants of externally caused verbs are morphologically unmarked, but all the anticausative variants are morphologically marked. However, all the internally caused change of state verbs are morphologically unmarked. Both the causative and anticausative variants of change of location/position verbs are morphologically unmarked. The anticausative and passive sentences can license an external causer through an implicit argument. While the passive verb sentences can be modified by by-agent, purpose clause and agent-oriented phrases, the anticausative sentences can be modified by instrument, natural force, agent-oriented and by-self phrases. The acceptability of modifiers with anticausatives and passives presupposes a presence of a causer in both constructions. The causative form of change of location/position verbs is syntactically intransitive (i.e. in the locative-subject alternation), but its anticausative variant acquires a transitive-like form. Thus, the concept of causative is related to cause and effect of the argument participating in the process. The study considers competing approaches concerning the derivational direction of the causative and anticausative alternation. Given the data in Kizombo, it is argued that the syntactic decomposition approach is the most appropriate to account for the example sentences in the causative and anticausative constructions. The transitive approach could probably deal with the externally caused change of state verbs, as discussed in chapter 6, but would face a challenge relating to the change of location/position verbs because none of the variants is morphologically marked.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die toepaslikheid en geskiktheid van die benadering tot sintaktiese ontleding ondersoek ten einde rekenskap te gee van die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling in Kikongo (Kizombo) ten opsigte van die strukturele vertakpunte van Voice, vCAUS en Root soos in hierdie benadering tot (anti-)kousatiwiteit gestel (sien Alexiadou 2010). Daarbenewens is die aspektiese benadering soos voorgestaan deur Vendler (1957) en verder ontwikkel deur Verkuyl (1972) en Smith (1997) gebruik omdat die twee alternante in die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling in Kikongo (Kizombo) met aspektiese verskille in werkwoordklasse geassosieer word.Navorsing oor die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling is reeds lank die fokus van omvangryke werk in tipologiese en teoretiese linguistiek. Twee sentrale kwessies word by die debat betrek: eerstens die eienskappe van betekenis wat die wisseling en die afleidende verband tussen die alternante bepaal, en tweedens, die verhouding tussen die kousatiewe wisseling en ander transitiwiteitswisselinge, bv. passief- en middelkonstruksies. Hierdie verhandeling toon dat daar ʼn wye reeks aanvaarbaarheidsuitsprake is wat met antikousatiewe gebruik van Kizombo by verandering van toestand en verandering van plasing/posisie van werkwoorde wat ekstern en intern veroorsaak word, geassosieer word. Die werkwoordwortel is die betekeniselement wat dit vir die Kizombo-werkwoorde moontlik maak om te wissel ongeag hulle werkwoordklasse, met inbegrip van agenswerkwoordwortels. Al die kousatiewe variante van ekstern veroorsaakte werkwoorde is morfologies ongemerk, maar al die antikousatiewe variante is morfologies gemerk. Al die intern veroorsaakte verandering van toestandswerkwoorde is morfologies ongemerk. Beide die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe variante van verandering van plasing/posisie van werkwoorde is morfologies ongemerk. Die antikousatiewe en passiewe sinne kan ʼn eksterne doener deur ʼn implisiete argument toelaat. Terwyl die sinne met passiewe werkwoorde gewysig kan word deur deur-agent, doel-sinsdeel en agent-georiënteerde frases, kan die antikousatiewe sinne gewysig word deur instrument-, natuurlike krag-, agent-georiënteerde en deur-self-frases. Die aanvaarbaarheid van modifiseerders met antikousatiewe en passiewes voorveronderstel ʼn aanwesigheid van ʼn doener in albei konstruksies. Die kousatiewe vorm van verandering van plasing/posisiewerkwoorde is sintakties onoorganklik (m.a.w. in die lokatief–onderwerp-wisseling), maar die antikousatiewe variant daarvan verkry ʼn oorganklik-agtige vorm. Die begrip van kousatief hou dus verband met oorsaak en gevolg van die argument wat aan die proses deelneem. Die studie neem kompeterende benaderings met betrekking tot die afleidende rigting van die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe wisseling in ag. Gegewe die data in Kizombo, word aangevoer dat die benadering van sintaktiese ontleding die geskikste is om rekenskap te gee van die voorbeeldsinne in die kousatiewe en antikousatiewe konstruksies. Die oorganklike benadering sou waarskynlik aan die ekstern veroorsaakte verandering van toestandswerkwoorde, soos in hoofstuk 6 bespreek, aandag kon skenk maar sou voor ʼn uitdaging met betrekking tot die verandering van plasing/posisiewerkwoorde te staan kom aangesien geeneen van die variante morfologies gemerk is nie.

Abstract:

Este trabalho propõe uma análise preliminar de aspectos da fonologia e da morfologia da língua lembaama2, que pertence ao subgrupo banto, B.62 (Guthrie, 1971), do grupo Benuê- Congo, phylum Niger-Congo. Como esta língua não apresenta ainda nenhum estudo deste gênero, espera-se que esta primeira análise possibilite estudos posteriores mais aprofundados neste e em outros campos lingüísticos. A análise fonológica revelou de um lado, a existência de consoantes palatalizadas, labializadas, pré-nasalizadas, e pré-nasalizadas-palatalizadas, de outro, mostrou a existência de vogais longas. A análise de processos fonológicos demonstrou que a nasalidade é uma propriedade das consoantes que se transmite às vogais adjacentes aos segmentos nasais. Quanto à análise nominal, ela definiu a composição dos nomes da seguinte maneira: Prefixo Nominal (PN) + raiz, e os classificou em 12 classes. Foram também identificados em lembaama fenômenos fonológicos como a semivocalização, o alongamento vocálico, o apagamento vocálico, a variação livre e a palatalização que servem para evitar a ditongação e manter a estrutura CV desta língua. A análise dos tons evidenciou dois tons pontuais: um alto [´] e um baixo [`] e uma regra de apagamento do primeiro tom quando dois tons se encontram.
This work proposes a preliminary analysis of the phonological and morphological aspects of the lembaama language (B62) according to Guthrie (1971). This language is officially called obamba in Gabon. Lembaama is a Bantu language, from the Benue-Congo group and Niger-Congo phylum. As far as we know this language has not received any detailled study yet. Lembaama shows some interesting features. Endeed, the phonological analysis shows the existence of palatalized, labialized, and prenasalized consonants and of long vowels in the phonemic inventory. The analysis of phonological processes shows that nasality is a property of nasal or of prenasalized consonants which is transmitted to adjacent vowels.

Abstract:

Plágio é um dos delitos mais graves no meio acadêmico. É definido como “o uso do trabalho de uma pessoa sem a devida referência ao trabalho original”. Em contrapartida a esse problema, existem diversos métodos que tentam detectar automaticamente plágio entre documentos. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho propõe um novo método para Análise de Plágio Multilíngue. O objetivo do método é detectar casos de plágio em documentos suspeitos baseado em uma coleção de documentos ditos originais. Para realizar essa tarefa, é proposto um método de detecção de plágio composto por cinco fases principais: normalização do idioma, recuperação dos documentos candidatos, treinamento do classificador, análise de plágio, pós-processamento. Uma vez que o método é projetado para detectar plágio entre documentos escritos em idiomas diferentes, nós usamos um language guesser para identificar o idioma de cada documento e um tradutor automático para traduzir todos os documentos para um idioma comum (para que eles possam ser analisados de uma mesma forma). Após a normalização, nós aplicamos um algoritmo de classificação com o objetivo de construir um modelo que consiga diferenciar entre um trecho plagiado e um trecho não plagiado. Após a fase de treinamento, os documentos suspeitos podem ser analisados. Um sistema de recuperação é usado para buscar, baseado em trechos extraídos de cada documento suspeito, os trechos dos documentos originais que são mais propensos de terem sido utilizados como fonte de plágio. Somente após os trechos candidatos terem sido retornados, a análise de plágio é realizada. Por fim, uma técnica de pós-processamento é aplicada nos resultados da detecção a fim de juntar os trechos plagiados que estão próximos um dos outros. Nós avaliamos o métodos utilizando três coleções de testes disponíveis. Duas delas foram criadas para as competições PAN (PAN’09 e PAN’10), que são competições internacionais de detecção de plágio. Como apenas um pequeno percentual dos casos de plágio dessas coleções era multilíngue, nós criamos uma coleção com casos de plágio multilíngue artificiais. Essa coleção foi chamada de ECLaPA (Europarl Cross-Language Plagiarism Analysis). Os resultados alcançados ao analisar as três coleções de testes mostraram que o método proposto é uma alternativa viável para a tarefa de detecção de plágio multilíngue.
Plagiarism is one of the most serious forms of academic misconduct. It is defined as “the use of another person's written work without acknowledging the source”. As a countermeasure to this problem, there are several methods that attempt to automatically detect plagiarism between documents. In this context, this work proposes a new method for Cross-Language Plagiarism Analysis. The method aims at detecting external plagiarism cases, i.e., it tries to detect the plagiarized passages in the suspicious documents (the documents to be investigated) and their corresponding text fragments in the source documents (the original documents). To accomplish this task, we propose a plagiarism detection method composed by five main phases: language normalization, retrieval of candidate documents, classifier training, plagiarism analysis, and postprocessing. Since the method is designed to detect cross-language plagiarism, we used a language guesser to identify the language of the documents and an automatic translation tool to translate all the documents in the collection into a common language (so they can be analyzed in a uniform way). After language normalization, we applied a classification algorithm in order to build a model that is able to differentiate a plagiarized text passage from a non-plagiarized one. Once the classifier is trained, the suspicious documents can be analyzed. An information retrieval system is used to retrieve, based on passages extracted from each suspicious document, the passages from the original documents that are more likely to be the source of plagiarism. Only after the candidate passages are retrieved, the plagiarism analysis is performed. Finally, a postprocessing technique is applied in the reported results in order to join the contiguous plagiarized passages. We evaluated our method using three freely available test collections. Two of them were created for the PAN competitions (PAN’09 and PAN’10), which are international competitions on plagiarism detection. Since only a small percentage of these two collections contained cross-language plagiarism cases, we also created an artificial test collection especially designed to contain this kind of offense. We named the test collection ECLaPA (Europarl Cross-Language Plagiarism Analysis). The results achieved while analyzing these collections showed that the proposed method is a viable approach to the task of cross-language plagiarism analysis.

Abstract:

Le cuwabo est une langue bantoue parlée par plus de 800.000 locuteurs au Nord-Est du Mozambique. Elle est répertoriée sous le code P34 selon la classification de Guthrie et appartient donc au groupe makhuwa (P30). Le cuwabo se divise en cinq variétés: le cuwabo central, le karungu, le mayindo, le nyaringa, et le manyawa. Ce travail se base sur le cuwabo central parlé dans le district de Quelimane. Des données de première main ont pu être collectées auprès d’une dizaine de locuteurs, lors de trois terrains réalisés entre 2011 et 2013, totalisant 10 mois. Cette thèse fournit une description grammaticale de la langue couvrant en détail les domaines de la phonologie et de la morphosyntaxe. La phonologie comprend deux chapitres : le premier est dédié à la phonologie segmentale tandis que le deuxième analyse le fonctionnement du système tonal de la langue. Notons que le cuwabo est l’unique langue P30 ayant retenu un ton lexical contrastif sur les thèmes lexicaux et verbaux. Morphologiquement, le syntagme nominal est dominé par un riche système d’accords des classes nominales, typique dans les langues bantoues. Le verbe cuwabo a une morphologie de type agglutinant, qui renferme un riche système de Temps-Aspect-Mode combinant préfixes et suffixes finaux. Il convient de noter l’existence de plusieurs encl*tiques selon les constructions (encl*tiques locatifs, encl*tiques pronoms personnels dans les relatives, encl*tiques comitatif ou instrumental). Enfin, la syntaxe s’étend sur trois chapitres : le premier s’intéresse aux constructions prédicatives verbales et non-verbales ; le deuxième s’intéresse aux constructions relatives et à la formation des questions ; le dernier aborde la question de l’ordre des constituants en lien avec la structure informationnelle. Les domaines préverbaux et postverbaux sont examinés, ainsi que leur interaction avec le marquage morphologique sur le verbe qui distingue les formes conjointes et les formes disjointes. L’annexe de cette thèse compile sept textes, glosés et traduits, qui permettent d’illustrer en contexte un grand nombre d’items grammaticaux présentés dans les chapitres descriptifs
Cuwabo is a Bantu language, spoken by more than 800,000 people (INE 2007) in the north-eastern part of Mozambique. It is numbered P34 in Guthrie’s classification, and thus belongs to the P30 Makhuwa group. Cuwabo can be subdivided into five main varieties: central Cuwabo, Karungu, Mayindo, Nyaringa, and Manyawa. This work is based on central Cuwabo spoken in the district of Quelimane. First-hand data were recorded from 10 speakers in the course of three fieldtrips realised between 2011 and 2013, achieving a total duration of 10 months. This thesis provides a grammatical description of the language, covering in detail its phonology and its morphosyntax. Phonology is divided into two chapters: the first is devoted to segmental phonology whereas the second describes the tonal system of the language. Note that Cuwabo is the only P30 language whose nominal and verbal stems have retained a lexical tone contrast. Morphologically, the noun phrase is marked by a rich agreement system ruled by the noun classes, as typical in Bantu. Cuwabo has a highly agglutinative verbal morphology, which conveys a rich Tense-Aspect-Mood system combining both prefixes and final suffixes. Note the existence of several encl*tics depending on the constructions (locative encl*tics, personal pronoun encl*tics in relative clauses, comitative or instrumental encl*tics). The last three chapters address syntactic issues: the first presents a description of the basic clause structure, involving verbal and non-verbal predication; the second looks into the relative constructions in close interaction with question formation; the last one investigates word order and information structure in Cuwabo. Preverbal and postverbal constituents are examined, as well as their interaction with the morphological marking on the verb, distinguishing conjoint and disjoint tenses. The appendix contains seven Cuwabo texts glossed and translated into English, which allow to illustrate in context many of the grammatical items presented in the descriptive chapters

Abstract:

Un banco del tiempo (BDT) es el nombre formal que se le da a unas instituciones comunitarias que operan con horas de tiempo personal y laboral como moneda oficial. Son sistemas organizados de moneda social que permiten a sus usuarios intercambiar su propio tiempo y destreza en forma de créditos de servicio. La unidad de moneda es una hora de trabajo. Los BDT son parte de la categoría de moneda alternativa social y representan una evolución moderna de entidades clásicas como los trueques.Los BDT valoran conceptos como compartir, igualdad y mutualismo. Así, funcionan como un sistema alternativo a los bancos tradicionales, y pueden así complementar a la moneda oficial de un país. El mercado no valora o recompensa muchos tipos de trabajo imperativo, como criar niños, constituir familias fuertes, revitalizar vecindarios y preservar el medio ambiente entre otros. Los BDT proveen un vehículo para recompensar, honrar y registrar este tipo de trabajo imperativo.Un caso contemporáneo que retrata perfectamente la implementación y los beneficios de los BDT se encuentra con España. En este país, los BDT se están usando para combatir los efectos de su reciente recesión y la crisis económica de los últimos seis años. Esta tesis tiene el propósito de examinar los beneficios de la adopción progresiva de los bancos del tiempo por todo el mundo, y en ella se analizará el caso de España como modelo ideal. Ya que estos bancos constituyen instituciones bastante nuevas, el propósito principal es estudiarlos para promover más investigación.

Abstract:

PRESENTACIÓNLa última década del pasado siglo y la primera del actual serán recordadas en un futuro próximo como el período de transición entre la era de papel y la era digital. Durante estos veinte años, casi todo el material de papel se ha reciclado en formato electrónico. Por este motivo, la mayoría de las empresas se han visto obligadas a modificar sus estructuras de trabajo para seguir siendo competitivas en el mercado internacional. A día de hoy, ya es una realidad que muchas de las empresas que no han actualizado sus sistemas de comunicación están tendiendo a desaparecer gradualmente o han pasado a ser sustituidas por alternativas más rentables.En este sentido, la banca es una de las industrias más poderosas en la actualidad, siendo organizaciones constituidas por sus gobiernos con la función de administrar y organizar la economía de un país y de sus ciudadanos. Por lo tanto, los bancos no podían quedarse atrás en este proceso de digitalización. Como resultado, todos ellos tienen sus propias páginas web, donde pueden promover su imagen y sus servicios en todo el mundo por un precio ridículo en comparación con las formas más tradicionales de publicidad. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en la realización de un análisis de género sobre el lenguaje utilizado por los bancos en sus páginas web corporativas. En este caso hemos elegido el inglés como lengua franca de las páginas web de banca corporativa, lo que podría ser una buena contribución al campo de la investigación lingüística, ya que combina tres elementos que son fundamentales en nuestra sociedad actual: inglés (idioma), Internet (comunicación) y bancos (economía).MARCO TEÓRICO Y OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓNPara el desarrollo de este proyecto, nos centramos en la elaboración de un análisis de género que establezca el lenguaje utilizado por los bancos en sus páginas web corporativas (Bhatia, 1993; Dudley -Evans, 1986; Swales, 1990). La cantidad de bancos analizados en este estudio es de sesenta y cuatro. La elección de los mismos se ha basado en el estudio publicado por la revista The Banker (2010), que clasificó a los cincuenta bancos más poderosos del mundo. Los otros catorce bancos fueron seleccionados entre conocidos bancos británicos, americanos y españoles, por razones de proximidad y relevancia en nuestro estudio. Con el fin de ser más selectivos enmarcamos nuestro estudio en el espacio que utilizan los bancos para presentarse en sus páginas web: 'Quienes Somos¿ (`About us¿).La introducción de esta investigación incluye seis capítulos que presentan diferentes temas teóricos incluyendo el inglés como lengua franca (Crystal, 1997; Firth, 1996), el inglés bancario (Casu et al., 2006; Marks, 2007), las taxonomías y la tipología textual en inglés bancario (Ruiz Garrido, 2010; Palmer, 2010), al igual que otros elementos fundamentales para nuestros propósitos como son el tipo de lenguaje electrónico (O'Hare et al., 2004; Posteguillo, 2002; Yus, 2011), y el diseño de páginas web (Alejo - González, 2005).En este sentido, nuestro estudio se divide en dos partes que están claramente conectadas: macro y microestructura. Por un lado, el estudio de la macroestructura se centra en el análisis de las partes generales y estructurales de las páginas web corporativas de bancos. Por otra parte, la microestructura presenta las principales formas de lenguaje y el vocabulario utilizado en cada una de las secciones. Estas dos partes se complementan con un estudio acerca del formato no lingüístico de las páginas web de bancos. En definitiva, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar el tipo de lenguaje y la estructuración de las páginas web corporativas de los bancos. PLANTEAMIENTOS Y METODOLOGÍA UTILIZADAComo hemos explicado previamente, nuestro estudio se ha dividido en dos partes, la macroestructura y la microestructura. A continuación presentamos nuestro modelo de análisis de textos.En referencia al estudio de la macroestructura, nuestra tesis comenzó con un estudio inicial para determinar la sección `Quienes Somos¿ en las páginas web de los bancos analizados, y las diferentes sub-secciones que la forman. En este caso, descubrimos que algunas de estas sub-secciones debían ser obligatorias y algunas otras opcionales. Creemos que la razón para determinar si una sección es obligatoria u opcional variará de acuerdo a los intereses de la empresa y del tipo de información a publicar. De acuerdo con nuestros criterios, se estableció que la sección sería obligatoria si su presencia se observa en más del 50 % de las páginas analizadas. En este caso, esta información se incluirá en el documento. Por otro lado, hay otras secciones en la que su presencia es opcional, si el porcentaje se encuentra entre el 30 y el 50% de las páginas analizadas. El mostrar o no a los miembros del grupo depende de los intereses y necesidades personales de los bancos. En otras palabras, un banco no debe publicar una sección presentando los miembros del grupo o patrocinadores si éstos pueden dar lugar a una promoción negativa del banco.Una vez que hemos determinado la estructura de la página de inicio y los movimientos que forman la sección `Quienes Somos¿, nos centramos en las cuantificaciones de las formas en cada una de las sub-secciones que hemos considerado necesarias para formar lo que denominaremos como género: párrafos para texto, oraciones por párrafo, palabras por párrafo, y palabras por oración. Con estos resultados, tendremos una visión superficial del aspecto de la página web.La tercera parte del estudio para establecer el modelo de la macroestructura consiste en la búsqueda de los diferentes contenidos de los párrafos y las oraciones. Esta parte del análisis nos permitirá determinar los contenidos utilizados en cada tipo de documento y su extensión dentro de cada una de las secciones presentes en el género `Quienes Somos¿. Con este tercer análisis consideramos que la macroestructura del género lingüístico estará completa.Seguidamente, una vez completado el análisis de la macroestructura, empezamos a trabajar con la microestructura. En este caso, sugerimos que se desarrollen 5 apartados: tipo de lenguaje, composición morfológica, terminología, formalidad y sintaxis.En el análisis del tipo de lenguaje nos centraremos en cada una de las secciones para determinar si el lenguaje es informativo, promocional, persuasivo, o una combinación de cualquiera de los tres. En el caso de los bancos descubrimos que el lenguaje es una combinación de lenguaje informativo y promocional, y que tan sólo en una sección podemos defdinirlo como parcialmente persuasivo. Pensamos que el predominio del lenguaje informativo y promocional se basa en la necesidad de los bancos de presentarse como empresas serias con una información que debe parecer real y objetiva. No obstante, debemos tener en cuenta que los bancos son un tipo de negocio y, como tal, su principal objetivo es la obtención de beneficios. Por lo tanto, los bancos necesitan un lenguaje verdadero, seguro y atractivo al mismo tiempo (Casu et al, 2006). Creemos que el uso de lenguaje persuasivo no está conectado con la imagen que los bancos quieren mostrar, contrariamente a otros tipos de empresas, como las cadenas de restaurantes, bebidas, supermercados o productos electrónicos.Después de determinar el tipo de lenguaje en las diferentes secciones, continuamos nuestra investigación con un análisis de la composición morfológica de los diferentes movimientos que forman el género. En este caso, hemos clasificado las palabras en grupos morfológicos: sustantivos, verbos, conectores, adjetivos, adverbios, pronombres, artículos y preposiciones. Con estos resultados, podemos establecer porcentajes para determinar el valor de cada grupo morfológico en el modelo estándar del texto. Este análisis proporciona resultados con los elementos más comunes de cada categoría, lo que nos permite la creación de nuestro propio modelo. Por otra parte, la naturaleza de estas palabras se clasifica en categorías para determinar el tipo de terminología en base a la lengua analizada. En nuestro caso, los resultados mostraron que la terminología más usual estaba conectada a los negocios y la industria.Con los resultados sobre la morfología de los textos podremos analizar el nivel de formalidad en cada sección. Como era de esperar, el tipo de lenguaje encontrado en los bancos es muy formal. Este lenguaje está conectado a una industria muy exigente que busca seriedad y confianza. Por lo tanto, los bancos deben utilizar un nivel de formalidad ligado a la altura de las expectativas de los clientes. Los resultados mostraron un uso muy variado de nombres, artículos, adjetivos y preposiciones, y por el contrario una presencia limitada de verbos, adverbios, y pronombres. La metodología que hemos tomado en este análisis es la que presentaron Heylighen y Dewaelee (1999), quienes desarrollaron una fórmula con resultados porcentuales que evitan la ambigüedad, como es el caso de las 4 máximas de Grice (1975): "Formalidad = [(frecuencia nombres + frec. Artículos + frec. Adjetivos + frec. Preposiciones) - (freq. verbos + frec. Adverbios + frec. Pronombres) + 100] / 2"El último elemento de este análisis de la microestructura es la sintaxis. En este caso, y después de analizar todos los textos en cuanto a tipo de lenguaje, morfología, terminología y formalidad, llegamos a la conclusión de que la estructura habitual en estos documentos es el estándar de la lengua inglesa: sujeto + verbo + objeto + complementos. El alto porcentaje de formalidad en este tipo de documento en comparación con otros documentos de naturaleza diferente certifica el tipo de sintaxis estándar.Como complemento del análisis de la macroestructura y la microestructura, esta investigación no estaría completa sin un análisis del formato de las propias páginas web corporativas de los bancos. En este caso se estudiaron diferentes elementos de la página web como fuentes, colores y estilos. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los textos utilizan la fuente Arial, con un tamaño de 12 en el texto y 14 en los encabezados, espaciado simple, y que el color de fuente es negro. Además, los encabezados deben ir en negrita. En referencia a los colores de la página, encontramos que el color primario tiende a ser blanco, acompañado de un color secundario que puede ser cualquiera de los siguientes: rojo, azul o verde. En función de las necesidades y los valores del banco se puede elegir cualquiera de los tres colores secundarios, pero de acuerdo con nuestro estudio, creemos que el color azul es el que mejor representa los principales valores bancarios.RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIÓNDespués de analizar toda la información y los datos que hemos recopilado para este estudio, podríamos desarrollar nuestras directrices para crear el género textual `Quienes Somos¿ para páginas web corporativas de bancos. No obstante, la validez de este modelo se debe presentar en un modelo práctico con el fin de demostrar que los resultados obtenidos podrían utilizarse en un contexto real.En este campo de investigación, hemos elaborado y aplicado todos los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio tanto sobre la macroestructura, la microestructura y el formato, y hemos creado la sección `Quién Somos¿ de un banco ficticio que hemos denominado 'Standard Bank'. Este banco ficticio incluye todas las secciones obligatorias y opcionales dentro del género con el fin de mostrar los resultados obtenidos. En primer lugar, hemos diseñado la macroestructura de cada sección, con la cantidad de párrafos, oraciones, palabras y el tipo de contenidos que hemos determinado en nuestro modelo estándar. Seguidamente, desarrollamos el lenguaje y el contenido de cada sección individualmente siguiendo los criterios que hemos establecido en cada una de las secciones de la microestructura. De este modo, podemos desarrollar los contenidos específicos de cada sección teniendo en cuenta el tipo de lenguaje de cada párrafo (informativo, persuasivo o promocional), así como la terminología específica. Tras la elaboración del primer borrador, analizamos y comparamos los resultados con el modelo estándar para hacer las modificaciones pertinentes en relación a la morfología, sintaxis y terminología.La validez de los textos se puede llevar a cabo una vez se ha finalizado la redacción del texto para cada sección. Simplemente comparamos los resultados del modelo estándar creado con el texto final. En el caso de la macroestructura la validez es fácil de evaluar, al contrario que con la microestructura. En este caso, intentaremos que ninguno de los parámetros del texto creado varíe por encima de dos puntos del valor porcentual del modelo estándar.Finalmente, a pesar de algunas limitaciones y dificultades que pudimos encontrar en el proceso de elaboración y desarrollo de este proyecto, hemos sido finalmente capaces de crear un modelo práctico del género `Quienes Somos¿ para páginas web corporativas de bancos, siguiendo los resultados que establecimos en nuestro modelo estándar, tanto en relación a la macroestructura y microestructura, así como en el formato de la página web. La aplicación de los resultados en la página web corporativa de un banco ficticio demuestra la validez de nuestros resultados y la posibilidad de aplicar nuestra metodología a la creación de textos estándar para lenguajes específicos.En resumen, este proyecto demuestra la posibilidad de establecer modelos estándar de la lengua inglesa en páginas web de bancos. Este tipo de proyecto es positivo para las empresas e instituciones que necesitan mejorar la comunicación con los clientes. Consideramos que las empresas multinacionales y locales deberían valorar la posibilidad de trabajar con lingüistas profesionales, que puedan desarrollar un estudio personalizado de las necesidades de la empresa y trabajar en conjunto con los expertos de marketing con el fin de presentar los productos con un lenguaje adecuado y adaptado, siguiendo unos criterios estándar predeterminados.

Abstract:

Cette thèse a pour objet une grammaire descriptive du mankon, langue ngemba, appartenant au groupe Grassfields de l'est du Bantou des Grassfields, parlée dans la province Nord-Ouest (anglophone) du Cameroun. Cette grammaire est à ce jour la seule grammaire descriptive complète écrite sur une langue de ce groupe. Elle présente plusieurs enjeux : historique, typologique et théorique. Jusqu'à une date relativement récente ces langues, mal connues, étaient considérées comme non bantoues (semi-bantoues ou bantoi͏̈des). Or, à partir des années 1960, les recherches sur leur phonologie, leur tonologie et leur système de classification nominale ont mis progressivement en évidence leur caractère bantou. Elles ont de ce fait remis en cause la classification génétique de ces langues par rapport aux langues bantoues au sens étroit. Il est maintenant généralement admis que ces langues sont, sinon bantoues, au moins étroitement apparentées aux langues bantoues au sens étroit. Il est probable que la description du système verbal et de la syntaxe du mankon comprise dans cette thèse, contribuera à enrichir le débat sur ce point. Au plan théorique, la description de la morphophonologie, et plus particulièrement de la morphotonologie du mankon, d'une grande complexité, devrait être d'un intérêt majeur pour la linguistique théorique et les sciences cognitives. Cette grammaire comprend cinq parties. La première partie traite de la phonologie. La deuxième partie présente la morphophonologie segmentale et tonale. La troisième s'adresse au nom (classes nominales, système d'accord), à la dérivation verbo-nominale, aux syntagmes nominaux, substituts et pronoms. La quatrième examine le verbe (la dérivation ; les conjugaisons perfective affirmative, perfective négative, imperfective affirmative et imperfective négative ; les auxiliaires. La cinquième partie décrit la syntaxe (les fonctions ; les principaux types d'énoncés ; les énoncés complexes ; la hiérarchisation énonciative)
This dissertation deals with a descriptive grammar of Mankon, a Ngemba language, belonging to the Eastern group of Grassfields Bantu, spoken in the North-West province (English speaking) of Cameroon. It is currently the only extensive descriptive grammar written on a language of this group. It is of historical, typological and theoritical interest. Up to recently, these languages, little known, were considered non Bantu (semi-Bantu or Bantoid). From the 1960s onwards research work done on their phonology, tonology and nominal class system, has gradually brought to light their Bantu characteristics and, therefore questioned their genetic relationship with Narrow Bantu languages. It is nowadays generally agreed that these languages are, if not Bantu, closely related to Narrow Bantu languages. Hopefully, the description of the Mankon verb sytem and syntax included in the present dissertation will bring in new arguments concerning this historical issue. As for theory, the description of thes Mankon morphophonology and more precisely the morphotonology, extremely complex, should be of interest for theoretical linguistics and cognitive sciences. This grammar is divided into five parts. Part I considers the phonology. Part II deals with segmental and tonal morpho-logy. Part III presents the noun (nominal classes and the concord system), derived nouns, noun phrases, substitutes and pronouns. Part IV deals with the verb : derivation ; the perfective affirmative, perfective negative, imperfective affirmative and imperfective negative conjugations ; auxi-liary verbs. Part V considers syntax : functions, the main types of sen-tences, complex sentences and pragmatic functions

Abstract:

Este trabalho propõe a análise da morfologia verbal do lembaama, que é uma língua do subgrupo banto (da floresta), B.62 (Guthrie, 1971), do grupo Benuê-Congo, do tronco Nigero-congolês. Como esta língua não apresenta nenhum estudo deste gênero, espera-se que esta primeira análise possibilite estudos posteriores neste e em outros campos linguísticos. A análise morfológica dos verbos revelou, primeiramente, que a estrutura verbal dessa língua é composta dos seguintes elementos: sujeito, índice do sujeito, negação1, marca de Tempo, raiz do verbo, extensão, vogal final ou marca de Aspecto, objeto(s) ou índice do objeto, negação2 que se seguem numa ordem fixa na oração. Constatamos que o índice do objeto, que é geralmente anteposto à raiz do verbo na maioria das línguas bantas, é posposto ao verbo em lembaama. A negação, por sua vez, é representada pelo morfema descontínuo composto por dois elementos: ka- (negação1) e -ní (negação2). Sendo que na estrutura verbal, ka- aparece depois do índice do sujeito (à esquerda da raiz do verbo) e -ni aparece depois do índice do objeto (à direita da raiz do verbo), é o último elemento da estrutura do verbo. Ao estudar a derivação verbal em lembaama, constatamos que a estrutura das extensões desta língua difere daquela encontrada nas outras línguas bantas pelo fato do lembaama ter acrescentado à estrutura -VC- preexistente no protobanto, estruturas do tipo -C-, -CV- e -CVC-. A extensão mais comum e mais fácil de ser reconhecida nessa língua é aquela que marca o habitual, tanto no presente (-ag-) como no passado (-ig-). O estudo dos sufixos derivativos do lembaama revelou também a existência de uma correlação entre o valor gramatical e o valor semântico das extensões. Vimos que seres humanos e animados são envolvidos em orações que apresentam uma transitividade alta. O estudo da transitividade mostrou-se, ainda, como uma noção fundamental nessa língua porque distingue ações e estados, por exemplo. Quanto à análise das categorias Tempo, Aspecto e Modo (TAM), essa língua evidenciou três tempos: um presente que não tem marcas e que se confunde com o presente pontual, o progressivo e o futuro. Dois futuros: um mais próximo, sem marcas, que se confunde com o presente pontual e o progressivo; outro, mais distante, marcado pelo verbo auxiliar odze \"ir\". Três passados: um recente, marcado pelo morfema mí- de tom alto e anteposto ao radical do verbo; um distante, marcado pelo morfema máá- de tom alto e anteposto ao radical do verbo; um remoto, expresso pela junção do verbo auxiliar -ki \"estar\" e o morfema do passado mí-. Assim, contrariamente aos morfemas de Aspectos, os morfemas de Tempo são sempre antepostos ao radical do verbo. É o caso dos dois morfemas que marcam os passados recente e distante. Há dois aspectos: o perfectivo, marcado pela vogal final -í; o imperfectivo, sem marca específica. A análise dos tempos e dos aspectos revelou que o Aspecto é mais fundamental em lembaama. O estudo dos modos permitiu identificar três: o imperativo, o condicional e o indicativo.
This work proposes an analysis of the verbal morphology of Lembaama (B62) according to Guthrie (1971). Officially called Obamba in Gabon, Lembaama is a Bantu language of the forest, from the Benue-Congo group and Niger-Congo phylum. As far as we know, this language has yet to receive a detailed study. It should be noted that Lembaama shows some interesting features. Indeed, the verbal morphology analysis shows that a single inflected verb contains the following elements: subject, subject marker, negative1, Tense marker, root, extension, Final Vowel or Aspect marker, negative2 occurring in a fix order in a sentence. The object marker comes after the root. Negation consists of a discontinuous morpheme: kaní. Ka- is placed before the root (by the left) and -ní occurs after the root (by the right) being the last element of this structure. The verbal derivation study reveals the following structure of Lembaama extensions: -C-, -CV-, -VC- and -CVC-.The habitual marker -ag- being the commonest extension. This study also highlights the existence of a correlation between the grammatical value and the semantic value of extensions. Hence, human and animate beings are evoked in clauses with higher transitivity than things. Therefore, transitivity is fundamental in Lembaama, as it can distinguish actions from states, for example. Tense, Aspect and Mood study defines three Tenses. First, there is a present that, because it is used without tense marker, can be merged with near future or with progressive. Then, we note two future tenses: a near future (F1) occurring without mark and a distant future (F2) marked by the auxiliary verb odze go. Finally, we count three past tenses: a recent (P1) marked by mí- with a high tone; a distant (P2) marked by máá- with a high tone too, and a remote past (P3) marked by kí be, an auxiliary verb with high tone and mí-, the recent past marker, both coming before the root (by the left). Thus, Tense marker morphemes are always placed before the root (by the left) and Aspect markers occur after the root (by the right). This analysis highlighted two Aspects: a perfective marked by the Final Vowel -í; an imperfective without a specific mark. Tense and Aspect analysis allows to conclude that Aspect is more fundamental than Tense in this language. Concerning Mood, the analysis revealed three: imperative, conditional and indicative.

Abstract:

Este trabalho apresenta as línguas e as linguagens utilizadas nos Candomblés de Nação Angola, por meio do estudo de textos orais registrados em duas comunidades particulares e específicas: o Inzó Inquice Mameto Dandaluna Quissimbi Quiamaze (Inzó Dandaluna) e o Centro Religioso e Cultural das Tradições Bantu Ilê Azongá Oni Xangô (Terreiro Loabá). O estudo visa a estabelecer ligações entre a linguagem e a vivência das práticas rituais. Nesse sentido, os textos coletados são situados no contexto de sua enunciação e analisados em sua expressão e conteúdo. Nesses textos foi possível identificar apenas um léxico de origem negro-africana.
This work presents languages used in the Candomblés of Angola nation by a study of oral texts recorded in two particular and specified communities: Inzó Inquice Mameto Dandaluna Quissimbi Quiamaze and Centro Religioso e Cultural das Tradições Bantu Ilê Azongá Oni Xangô. This study aims to establish a link between the language and the factual experience in the practice of these rituals. The collected texts are situated in the context of their statement and are analysed in their expression and their content. Finally, it was possible to identify only a vocabulary of Negro-African origin.

Abstract:

Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1Patel_SamimaAmade_D.pdf: 1971313 bytes, checksum: 6760c5646819060d63bbbf79037ec703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: O presente estudo é o resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com um viés etnográfico interpretativo (ERICKSON, 1982; MASON, 1997), situada na Linguística Aplicada em sua vertente INdisciplinar (MOITA LOPES, 2006) e transgressiva (PENNYCOOK, 2006), com atenção particular em contextos de minorias (MAHER 1997, 2006) ou minoritarizados (CAVALCANTI, 1999, 2006), bem como no contexto sociolinguístico moçambicano (LOPES 2004). A pesquisa focaliza os posicionamentos dos formandos do II Curso da Licenciatura em "Ensino de Línguas Bantu" da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, em Moçambique e nos Institutos de Formação de Professores, com base nas disciplinas de "Didáctica de Ensino de Línguas Bantu e Metodologias de Educação bilingue" e "Estágio". O trabalho busca sustentação teórica nos Estudos Culturais (BHABHA, 1994; CAVALCANTI, 2007, 2011; HALL, 1992, 1999; MAHER, 1998, 2007; WOODWARD, 2009; SILVA, 2009) e Estudos Poscoloniais (APIAH, 1997; BHABHA, 1994; CAVALCANTI, 2007, 2011; LOOMBA, 1998; MENEZES DE SOUZA, 2004; SOUSA SANTOS, 2004). No concernente ao posicionamento, a tese sustenta-se em teorias sobre o posicionamento interaccional (MOITA LOPES, 2009; WORTHAM, 2001) e posicionamentos marcados como ideológicos (BORBA, 2011; MOITA LOPES, 2009). Neste estudo opero numa visão de linguagem dialógica e discursiva e no reconhecimento do bilinguismo e educação bilingue (CAVALCANTI, 1999, 2011; GARCIA, 2009; MAHER, 1998, 2006; ROMAINE, 1995) e, ainda, do letramento/literacia e e-letramento/e-literacia como práticas sociais específicas (BARTON, 2006; CAVALCANTI, 2001; FREIRE, 2002; HORNBERGER, 2003; MARTIN-JONES, 2010; STREET, 1984, 2003). Tendo os Fóruns de Discussão em ambiente virtual como foco principal da análise procedi à investigação dos posicionamentos dos participantes em seu processo de formação, visando responder a questão norteadora do estudo: "Como os participantes da pesquisa se posicionam interaccionalmente no processo pedagógico de sua formação como formadores de professores de educação bilingue?" Para isso foram escolhidos, para a análise, os seguintes temas vistos como importantes na sua formação: (a) bilinguismo e educação bilingue, (b) cultura, identidade, diferença e (c) pragmatismo profissional. Os resultados mostram que, na transição entre as aulas presenciais, o ambiente virtual e o estágio pedagógico, os participantes da pesquisa, especialmente os alunos, transitam entre posicionamentos críticos ou de aceitação, ideologicamente marcados como étnicos/linguísticos/culturais ou marcados como unidade nacional, na maioria das vezes, relacionados ao contexto moçambicano e indo além do contexto educacional. Assim, no que se refere a bilinguismo e educação bilingue há questionamento sobre hipóteses de ensino em contexto bilingue, principalmente, em relação a conceitos tais como bilinguismo equilibrado e semilinguismo, políticas linguísticas e direitos linguísticos. Quanto a cultura, identidade e diferença há tensões críticas pessoais, interétnicas e institucionais fortemente colocadas. No concernente a profissionalização há uma busca de espaço de trabalho legitimado por políticas linguísticas favoráveis às línguas Bantu e à educação bilingue
Abstract: This study is the result of a qualitative research, under an ethnographic interpretative perspective (ERICKSON; 1982; MASON, 1997) set on INdisciplinary (MOITA LOPES, 2006), and transgressive Applied Linguistics (PENNYCOOK, 2006), with especial attention to minority (MAHER, 1997; 2006), or minoritisized contexts (CAVALCANTI, 1999; 2006), as well as Mozambican sociolinguistic context (LOPES, 2004). The research focuses on positioning of those graduating in the II Teaching Course on Bantu Languages, offered by the University Eduardo Mondlane in Mozambique and the Teachers' Training Institutes, based on data collected at the subjects: Bantu Languages Teaching Didactics and Bilingual Education Methodology, and Supervised Internship. This study designs its theoretical basis on Cultural Studies (BHABHA, 1994; CAVALCANTI, 2007; 2011; HALL, 1992; 1999; MAHER, 1998, 2007; WOODWARD, 2009, SILVA, 2009), and postcolonial studies (APIAH, 1997; BHABHA, 1994; CAVALCANTI; 2007, 2011; LOOMBA; 1998; MENEZES DE SOUZA, 2004; SOUSA SANTOS, 2004). Concerning its point of view, the dissertation is based on theories about interactional positioning (MOITA LOPES, 2009; WORTHAM, 2001), and those positioning marked as ideological (BORBA, 2011; MOITA LOPES, 2009). I carry out this study under a dialogical and discursive view of language, and the recognition of Bilingualism and bilingual education (CAVALCANTI, 1999, 2011; GARCIA, 2009; MAHER, 1998; 2006; ROMAINE; 1995), as well as literacy and e-literacy as specific social practices (BARTON, 2006; CAVALCANTI, 2001; FREIRE, 2002; HORNBERGER, 2003; MARTIN-JONES, 2010; STREET, 1984, 2003). Virtual Discussion Forums were the main target for analysis, and the investigation of participants on training process was carried out in order to answer the study's guiding question: How do the study participants set their positioning, in interactional terms, on pedagogical process of their own apprenticeship as Bilingual Education Teacher Trainers? The topics chosen for analysis, regarded as important to their training process were (a) bilingualism and bilingual education; (b) culture, identity, difference; and (c)professional pragmatism. Results showed that participants, on the transition between classes, virtual environment, and pedagogical internship, especially those ones finishing the course, ranged from critical positioning to those of acceptation, ideologically marked as ethnic/linguistic/cultural, or marked as national unity, mostly related to Mozambican context and going beyond educational context, Thus, concerning bilingualism and bilingual education, there is questioning about teaching in bilingual context hypotheses, mainly about concepts such as balanced bilingualism and semilingualism, linguistic politics and linguistic rights. Regarding culture, identity, and difference, there are strongly set personal, interethnic, and institutional conflicts. Concerning professional perspectives, there is a pursuit for working opportunities legitimated by language policies favorable to Bantu languages and bilingual education
Doutorado
Multiculturalismo, Plurilinguismo e Educação Bilingue
Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

Abstract:

This study explores a category of expressions akin to not yet, already, still and no longer, called Phasal Polarity (PhP) expressions. They encode the domains of phasal values, polarity and speaker expectations and have previously been described in European languages (van der Auwera 1998) and in a small, genealogically diverse sample (van Baar 1997). Using reference grammars as the primary source of information, the aim of this crosslinguistic study is to describe PhP expressions in a sample of East Bantu languages. It is found that the distribution and behaviour of PhP expressions in East Bantu differ from both European languages and the genetically diverse sample of van Baar. The markers are found to be morphologically diverse and of varied crosslinguistic frequency. Furthermore, the verbal morphotax indicates that the markers are, or are in the process of, being incorporated into the tense-aspect systems of their respective language.
Denna studie utforskar en kategori av utryck besläktade med inte än, redan, fortfarande och inte längre, som kallas Phasal Polarity (PhP) expressions. De uttrycker fas, polaritet och talar förväntningar och har tidigare beskrivits i en studie av europeiska språk (van der Auwera 1998) och i en småskalig, genetiskt mångfaldig studie (van Baar 1997). Med referensgrammatikor som primärkälla ämnar denna studie undersöka PhP expressions i ett urval av språk i underfamiljen Östbantu. Resultaten visar att PhP expressions i Östbantu har annorlunda distribution och användning jämfört med europeiska språk och van Baars urval. Markörerna varierar avseende morfologi och tvärspråklig frekvens. Verbens morfotax indikerar att markörerna har, eller håller på att, inkorporeras i respektive språks system.

Abstract:

Le présent ouvrage envisage la présentation des conclusions comparatives résultant de l’inventaire systématique et de l’analyse linguistique du vocabulaire relatif à la poterie en bantou. À partir des données comparatives provenant de l’ensemble des langues bantoues actuellement documentées, l’organisation interne et l’évolution historique de ce domaine particulier de vocabulaire technique sont examinées. Portant sur la lexicologie diachronique, l’étude associe une approche onomasiologique et une approche sémasiologique. Non seulement plusieurs reconstructions formelles sont proposées à différents niveaux chronologiques et géographiques, mais ceux-ci font également l’objet d’une analyse sémantique approfondie. Les quatre chapitres de la thèse traitent du lexique portant sur cinq catégories conceptuelles majeures du champ sémantique en question :le travail de la poterie lui-même, l’artisan, les matières premières, les différents types de produits finis et enfin les procédés et outils typiques de la chaîne opératoire céramique. Les résultats obtenus sont confrontés aux modèles historiques et culturels apportés par les approches spécifiques aux études archéologiques et ethnoarchéologiques d’une part, et d’autre part, aux connaissances qui découlent de l’étude comparative du vocabulaire bantou relatif à d’autres techniques. Dans un cadre plus général, l’étude aboutit à quelques réflexions sur les rapports qu’entretiennent les langues et les cultures de même qu’à quelques propositions en vue de l’approfondissem*nt de la méthode ‘Wörter und Sachen’. Ainsi, elle met en lumière certains traits méthodologiques spécifiques à l’exploitation des vocabulaires techniques dans la reconstruction de l’histoire très ancienne des sociétés dépourvues de traditions écrites et de vestiges iconographiques.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation linguistique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract:

This study explores a category of expressions akin to not yet, already, still and no longer, called PhasalPolarity (PhP) expressions and builds on the work of Löfgren (2018). PhP expressions encode the domainsof phasal values, polarity and speaker expectations and have previously been described in Europeanlanguages (van der Auwera: 1998) and in a small, genealogically diverse sample (van Baar: 1997).Using reference grammars as the primary source of information the aim of this study is to describe PhPexpressions in Bantu languages. The results confirm the findings in Löfgren (2018), the distribution andbehaviour of PhP expression in Bantu differs from both European languages and the genetically diversesample of van Baar. The markers are found to be morphologically diverse and the verbal morphotax indicatesthat the markers are, or are in the process of, being incorporated into the tense-aspect systemsof their respective language. Furthermore, the cross-linguistic frequency of PhP expressions seem tohave areal or genealogical tendencies.

Abstract:

Le présent travail est une description linguistique du shiwa, une langue bantu du Nord-Est du Gabon.La thèse comporte trois parties précédées d’une introduction générale qui situe le shiwa et les Shiwa dans leur environnement géographique, sociolinguistique et socioculturel. Cette introduction présente également les données exploitées et les conditions de leur collecte.La partie phonétique et phonologie (phonématique et analyse tonale) est traitée dans l’optique fonctionnaliste. Le shiwa présente un grand nombre de réalisations phonétiques et un système phonologique complexe, six tons se réalisant sur plusieurs registres. La complexité phonétique est liée à la monosyllabisation. Elle engendre des consonnes complexes, palatalisées, labialisées, affriquées, des voyelles centralisées et nasalisées. Le système phonologique présente de multiples mécanismes de variations libres, combinatoires et contextuelles.La morphologie inspirée des méthodes de l’Ecole de Londres montre un système d’accord bantu classique avec, cependant, un nombre restreint de schèmes d’accord et de classes. La langue fait usage au singulier des mêmes préfixes pour l’ensemble des classes.Le lexique exploité compte 1104 termes, transcrits, segmentés, rangés selon la classe avec une référence les liant à l’annexe audio.Outre les éléments de description linguistique, la thèse comprend des fichiers sons. Ces fichiers sons comportent une partie des données collectées sur le terrain soit une dizaine d’heures d’enregistrements sur des lexiques spécialisés, des questionnaires et des récits
The present work is a linguistic description of the Shiwa, a Bantu language of northeastern Gabon. The thesis has three parts preceded by a general introduction. It places the Shiwa and Shiwa in their geographical, sociolinguistic and sociocultural environment. The introduction also presents the data used and the conditions of their collection.Phonetics and phonology part use the functionalist perspective. Shiwa has many phonetic realisations, a complex phonological system and six tones. Phonetic complexity is related to the monosyllabisation. It generates complex consonants, palatalized, labialized, affricates, centralized and nasalized vowels. The phonological system has multiple mechanisms of free, combinatorial and contextual variations.The morphology is based on the London School methods. It brings to light a system with classical Bantu agreements system. However, the language has few classes and agreements marks. It uses the same singular prefixes for all classes.The lexicon contain 1104 words, transcribed, segmented, classified by class and linking to the audio Annex.In addition to the elements of linguistic description, the thesis includes a sound data. This contain a part of data collected during our investigations: ten hours of recordings on specialized lexicons, questionnaires and stories

Abstract:

L’étude présentée dans le cadre de cette thèse porte sur l’orungu, langue bantu classée B11b par M. Guthrie, parlée à l’Ouest du Gabon, dans la province de l’Ogooué Maritime, par l’un des peuples Ngwè-myènè (ou Myènè selon la dénomination administrative). Cette thèse constitue une première description présentant l’ensemble des éléments grammaticaux en incluant les plans segmental et tonal dans une analyse conjointe des niveaux phonologique, morphologique et post-lexical. On y traite, dans un premier temps, des phonèmes qui caractérisent l’organisation structurelle de la langue, du système des classes nominales et leur implication dans les modifications formelles des lexèmes, ainsi que de la description des alternances consonantiques. La deuxième partie traite conjointement de la morphologie et de la tonologie des différents éléments grammaticaux de la langue. L’établissem*nt des schèmes tonals mène à montrer les processus de dérivation qui sous-tendent le passage de la forme indéfinie à la forme définie des nominaux. L’essentiel de la description verbale est basé sur la dérivation et la flexion verbale dans différents tiroirs de la conjugaison. La tonologie post-lexicale, enfin, décrit les modifications que subissent les schèmes de tonalité propres aux lexèmes lorsqu’ils sont à la fois placés dans certains environnements tonals et dans certaines situations syntaxiques, en tenant compte du type tonal propre aux unités lexicales.

This PhD-dissertation is a study of Orungu, a Bantu language classified as B11b by M. Guthrie and spoken by a Ngwè-myènè people (or Myènè according to the administrative denomination) in the Ogooué Maritime province of Western Gabon. It presents a first descriptive study of the language and offers a general view of its grammar. It describes the most important segmental and supra-segmental or tonal features of its phonology, morphology and syntax. The first part is a description of the phonemes of Orungu, its noun class system, and its typical consonant mutations. The second part deals with the nominal and verbal morphology and the role tone plays at this level. The establishment of tone schemes results in a demonstration of the processes involved in the derivation of definite nouns from indefinite nouns. The description of the verb morphology is focussed on verbal derivation strategies and on the complex TAM-system involved in the verbal conjugation. The third and final part is a study of the post-lexical tone system and describes the mutations that lexical tone schemes undergo when they occur in certain tonal contexts and/or certain syntactical constructions.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation linguistique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract:

L'étude grammaticale est présentée en quatre chapitres, respectivement ; la "morphosyntaxe de la prédication", le "nominal", le "verbal" et l'énoncé et ses variations". En morphosyntaxe, l'inventaire des schèmes d'énoncés assertifs, intimatifs et interrogatifs a permis l'identification du schème prédicatif en tant que cadre structurel sous-jacent a tous les énoncés de la langue, des fonctions syntaxiques (prédicat, sujet, objet et circonstant) et des constituants (verbal et nominal) qui les assument. L'étude du nominal présente d'abord le nominant (morphème majeur) organise en classe et genre; puis analyse chacun de quatre nominaux identifies ; nom, pronom, numéral et syntagme. L'étude du verbal présente d'abord les éléments de la forme verbale selon la méthode classique des bantouistes; puis analyse le système verbal en deux niveaux : le niveau du constituant verbal (réalité prédicative) et celui de la spécification du constituant verbal (réalité énonciative). Au niveau du constituant, l'analyse porte sur le dérivatif et le verbant, tandis qu'à celui de la spécification du constituant verbal, elle porte sur les actualisateurs, les indices de fonction et les spécificités verbaux. L'étude de l'organisation énonciative présente les variations énonciatives internée (focalisation et thématisation) et externes (coordination et subordination)
The grammar is presented in four chapiters : "the morpho-syntax of predication", "the nominal expression", "the verbal expression" and "variations due to discourse features in the utterance". In "morpho- syntax of predication", the inventory of syntactic patterns permits the identification of the clause structure, including the syntactic places (predicative, subject, object and circ*mstant) and the consti- tuents (nominal and verbal) occuping these places. The study of the nominal expression starts with the noum class affixes, based on the dual reality of class and gender. Following this comes the analisis of each of the four types of nominal expressions identified : the noum, the pronoum, the numeral and the nominal phrase. The study of the verbal expression begins with a presentation of verbal forms systematised in the classical manner of the bantuists. It continues with a analysis on two levels, based on the division between the verbal constituent of the predicative structure and the modification of this verbal constituent whic is part of the discourse structure. The final chapiter presents the variations on the internal and the external aspects of the predicative structure of the clause

Abstract:

La presente tesis, titulada “Genes, peoples and languages in Central Africa”, examina los patrones de diversidad genética en poblaciones del oeste de Africa central, más específicamente, poblaciones Bantús y Pigmeas de Gabon y Camerún, dos zonas vitales para la comprensión de la expansión Bantú. Se han analizado más de 800 muestras a nivel del cromosoma Y con el fin de caracterizar genéticamente a estas poblaciones, y establecer la relación genética entre ellas. Los resultados han demostrado que la expansión Bantú hom*ogeneizó el acervo genético de las poblaciones Bantús, eliminando la diversidad pre-Bantú, mientras que diversificó aquel de las poblaciones Pigmeas, introduciendo linajes Bantus. Además, se ha visto que el flujo de linajes paternos parece haber tenido una única dirección: de Bantus a Pigmeos. Estos resultados contrastan con aquellos obtenidos para linajes maternos (DNA mitocondrial) en estas zonas, donde se ha observado un considerable flujo genético de Pigmeos a Bantus, sugiriendo un posible sesgo sexual en la tasa de mestizaje entre poblaciones Bantus y Pigmeas. Un hallazgo interesante es la presencia de un linaje no-africano en estas poblaciones de África subsahariana.
The present thesis titled “ Genes, peoples and languages in Central Africa” examines the genetic diversity patterns in populations from west central Africa, more specifically, in Bantu and Pygmy populations from Gabon and Cameroon, two key areas in the understanding of the Bantu expansion. More than 800 samples have been analysed at the Y chromosome level in order to genetically characterise these populations and establish the genetic relationship between them. The results have shown that the Bantu expansion largely hom*ogenised the gene pool of Bantu populations, erasing the pre-Bantu diversity, while it diversified that of Pygmy groups, introducing Bantu lineages into their gene pool. Furthermore, gene flow of paternal lineages seems to have taken place mainly in one direction; from Bantus to Pygmies. These results contrast with those found in studies of maternal (mtDNA) lineages in these areas, where considerable gene flow from Pygmy to Bantu populations have been observed, suggesting possible sex-biased admixtures rates between Bantu and Pygmy populations. An interesting finding, is the significant presence of a non-African lineage in these sub-Saharan populations.

Abstract:

This dissertation examines word-prosody of ciTonga, a Malawian Bantu language spoken by lakeshore people of northern Malawi. It is argued that the real word-prosody in this language (and perhaps many Bantu languages) revolves around the idea of Strong Accent Constituency, power relations between segments, syllables and between lower and higher prosodic categories as determined by Universal Guidelines such as SONORITY, FINALITY, EDGENESS and PROSODIC HIERARCHY as well as constraints which favour language- or context-specific Strong Accent Constituents (PROSODIC STEM, ACCENT FOOT, STEM-SYLLABLE1, PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE or FINAL SYLLABLE). Tone and prosodic morphemes such as Minimal Prosodic Words and Reduplicative Prosodic Morphemes also seem to be heavily regulated by Strong Accent Constituency. The empirical bases are three speech styles found in ciTonga (Nkhata-Bay Variety) namely, formal, common, and elderly speech styles. It is one of several understudied and endangered languages in Malawi. This study therefore is in line with one of the goals of the University of Malawi's Centre for Language Studies, where this candidate serves as a member, which is to prioritize research activities on such languages. The candidate is a native speaker of ciTonga and , as such, he is primary source of most of the data. Other methods such as elicitation and focus group discussions were conducted with informants not only to get to the bottom of the matter, but to also understand social issues underlying language variation. The dissertation has been presented in 6 chapters. Chapter 1 presents introductory remarks. These include the problem statement, a note on methodology, summary of findings, theoretical precedents, and, finally, organization of the dissertation. Chapter 2 presents basic facts about the language under study. These include language classification, previous works on ciTonga, speech sounds, the syllable, tone, as well as nominal and verbal morphology. Chapter 3 presents a proposal for the theory of Strong Accent Constituency. It presents the data on vowel and consonant deletion which motivates this theory analysis. Then attempts are made to account for the facts in terms of stress-accent theory and Downing's (2006b) Morpheme-Based Templates Theory both of which are found to be slightly problematic to account for segment deletion and preservation patterns exhibited in ciTonga. Finally, the chapter introduces the theory and accounts for the facts in terms of Strong Accent Constituent Theory. Chapter 4 presents formally the theory of Interaction between Tone and Strong Accent Constituents. The chapter presents the data on tone assignment in basic verbs, simple past tense verbs and present progressive aspect verbs which motivate this type of theory analysis. Attempts are then made to account for the facts in terms of tone alignment theory (as argued by Mtenje 2006), autosegmental accent (Clements and Goldsmith 1984) and 'pitch-accent' or accentual properties of tone in Bantu languages (as hinted upon by Downing 2004). All these theoretical perspectives are found to be slightly inadequate to account for tone distribution patterns in ciTonga. On the other hand, a theory based on Interaction between Tone and Strong Accent Constituents is shown to account for the facts slightly better. Chapter 5 presents formally proposals for Strong Accent Constituent-Based Templates as a theory of morphology-prosody interfaces in ciTonga and perhaps many other Bantu languages with a Strong Accent Constituent system. It presents the data on general phonological words, Minimal Prosodic Words and Reduplicative Prosodic Morphemes. It then reviews two competing theories in the literature within the Generalized Templates Theory namely, the Prosodic Hierarchy-Based Templates Theory and the Morpheme-Based Templates Theory both of which have a goal to account for morphology-prosody interfaces. Both these theories are shown to be slightly inadequate to account for parameters exhibited by phonological words in ciTonga. On the other hand, it is suggested that a theory of Strong Accent Constituent-Based Templates may account for the facts slightly better. Chapter 6 summarizes and concludes the dissertation.

Abstract:

För banker finns en mängd utmaningar med att uttrycka sig i skrift när man kommunicerar med sina kunder. Texterna behöver uppfylla ett flertal olika funktioner, och därtill är ofta en mängd olika skribenter inblandade i skrivprocessen. Denna uppsats anslu*ter till tidigare forskning om bankvärlden och dess texter. I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag intertextualitet och röster som finns i tre texter från SEB. Dessa handlar om produkten investeringssparkonto (ISK). ISK lanserades som ny produkt för två år sedan och är omgärdad av regleringar via lag, finansinspektion och bankens egna marknadsföringsstrategier och skrivriktlinjer. Genom att kartlägga rösterna med verktyg från den systemisk-funktionella grammatiken synliggörs flerstämmighet i texterna och flera olika modelläsare framträder. Flerstämmigheten syns utifrån olika sorters tilltal och omtal, språkhandlingar och rekontextualiseringar. Totalt framträder fyra stycken röster i texten. Dessa konstruerar var och en fyra olika modelläsare som textens empiriska läsare måste förhålla sig till.

Abstract:

Este trabalho constitui uma pesquisa sobre o léxico de origem africana presente em falares da região diamantina de Minas Gerais. Estão aqui reunidos os léxicos de diferentes pesquisas sobre a região, além dos resultados recentes de nossa investigação, realizada em quatro comunidades remanescentes de quilombo: Ausente e Baú, no distrito de Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, no município de Gouveia; e, Quartel do Indaiá, no distrito de São João da Chapada, Diamantina. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar uma investigação etimológica dos itens lexicais coletados, procurando fazer um estudo histórico e linguístico da realidade observada. A partir de orientações para o trabalho etimológico de Viaro (2011), procuramos consultar as fontes de registro mais antigas de línguas africanas que pudessem estar relacionadas ao léxico da região. Esses registros são constituídos, principalmente, de dicionários de línguas africanas e alguns estudos históricos e linguísticos sobre as comunidades mineiras investigadas. O estudo realizado permite afirmar que o sistema de escravidão na região diamantina, o tráfico mais recente partindo do porto de Benguela e a proximidade lexical das línguas do grupo banto preservaram por um período uma língua africana de características bantas. Não se pode identificar com certeza qual seria essa língua, apesar da presença de um grande número de itens lexicais do umbundo. É mais prudente propor que se trate de um caso de convergência de um falar veicular do grupo R com as línguas do grupo H, presentes na região.
This is a study of lexical items from African speeches (falares africanos) in the diamond-mining region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We collected the lexical items from different researches in the area, complementing them with results from our investigative research in four maroon-descendent communities: Ausente and Baú, district of Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, Gouveia; and, Quartel do Indaiá, district of São João da Chapada, Diamantina. Our main objective is to present an etymological investigation of the items collected, based on a historical and linguistic study. Based on Viaro (2011), we consulted the oldest registers of African languages that could be related to the lexical items found in the region. These registers are constituted mostly by African languages dictionaries, besides some historical and linguistic studies of the African-Brazilian communities from Minas Gerais. Our study indicates that the slavery system of the diamond region, the late traffic departing from Benguela seaport and the lexical proximity of Bantu languages, favored the preservation during a certain period of time of an African language of Bantu characteristics. It is not possible to identify precisely which language it was, but we could identify a great lexical contribution from umbundo (R10). It is reasonable to propose that there was a case of linguistic convergence of a vehicular language from the R group with languages from the H group, both present in the region.

Abstract:

L'on se propose de comparer dans une vision guillaumienne le systeme temporel du francais a celui de l'ewondo. Cette these est un triptyque. Dans la premiere partie, nous posons notre hypothese de travail apres que nous eumes rappele les elements structurels de l'ewondo et critique les analyses anterieures. Nous verifions ensuite, dans la seconde partie, notre hypothese par l'exploitation d'un corpus dont les exemples sont tires du journal catholique nleb bekristen, en ramenant la multiplicite des effets de sens au seul signifie de puissance. Dans la troisieme partie, nous comparons sur les plans chronogenetique et de la voix verbale (diathese) les systemes temporels francais et ewondo. L'analyse revele du cote de l'ewondo, une prevalence de l'aspect sur le temps par opposition au francais. La conclusion, outre le rappel des acquis theoriques, ouvre les perspectives nouvelles d'une pedagogie contrastive du francais en milieu africain liee a un effort de reflexion sur l'amenagement linguistique en afrique noire.

Abstract:

Neste trabalho, cingimo-nos ao estudo da antroponímia da província do Kwanza Norte, realçando especificamente a do kimbundu, por ser a língua que caracteriza os povos autóctones desta região, onde, sem dúvida, os antropónimos contribuem para o conhecimento dos aspetos socioculturais e linguísticos das famílias e da sociedade. A atribuição de antropónimo é um fenómeno que já vem desde as antigas civilizações e com o passar dos tempos sofre algumas alterações na forma de nomeação em cada sociedade. No nosso contexto, os antropónimos do português são geralmente influência do catolicismo, cujo antropónimo atribuído refere-se ao nome de um santo ou santa. No que tange a antroponímia do kimbundu, verificámos que tem mais significado, tendo em conta as razões que estão na base para escolha dos antropónimos na língua kimbundu, como: mortes, doenças, calamidades, etc., vividas antes, durante e depois do nascimento da criança na família ou na comunidade; Abstract: Study of Lexicon: anthroponomy of North Kwanza province In this work, we restrict ourselves to the study of the anthroponomy of the North Kwanza province emphasising in particular the one in kimbundu, a language which characterises the native people of this region where, undoubtedly, anthroponyms contribute to the awareness of sociocultural and linguistic aspects of families and society. The giving process of an anthroponym is phenomenon which dates back from ancient civilizations and over time suffers some changes in the way each society names its people. In our context, Portuguese anthroponyms are generally influenced by Catholicism which refers to a saint’s name. As far as it is concerned to the kimbundu’s anthroponomy we verified it is more significant taking into account the reasons behind the choice of the anthroponyms in the kimbundu language, such as: deaths, diseases, calamities, etc., experienced before, during or after a child’s birth in his/her family or community.

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2arquivo2997_1.pdf: 2902249 bytes, checksum: 0400469daafc0cecd48c85c7dffb770d (MD5)license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
O atual modelo de negócios de uma empresa moderna está cada vez mais dependente dastecnologias e dos sistemas de informação. Com isso, é necessário que se mantenha osdados protegidos através de uma cópia segurança, conhecida como backup, que garantiráa restauração e migração dos dados quando necessário. Além disso, é comum umaempresa adotar mais de um Sistema de Gerenciamento de Banco de Dados (SGBD) paraarmazenamento dos dados, gerando ambientes heterogêneos e dificultando a interoperabilidadeentre os sistemas quando necessário. Isso porque os SGBD existentes realizambackup, restauração e migração dos dados sob tecnologias específicas e limitadas como(Oracle, Sqlserver, Mysql), não permitindo a restauração dos dados em outros SGBD,somente no seu ambiente de origem.Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura padrãopara os arquivos de backup, utilizando a linguagem de marcação eXtensible MarkupLanguage (XML), denominada como Backup Markup Language (BKPML). A BKPMLtem por objetivo desvincular a dependência dos arquivos de backup de sua fonte de origem,possibilitando manter a interoperabilidade necessária entre SGBD heterogêneosatravés dos arquivos de backup, e a transformação dos dados para arquivos secundários,como TEXTO, EXCEL, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), YAML Ain t MarkupLanguage (YAML), Comma-Separated Values (CSV) e XML. Para isso, foi necessário odesenvolvimento de uma ferramenta responsável por administrar os arquivos BKPMLgerados. Como proposta de armazenamento seguro, além do armazenamento local, estetrabalho utiliza Cloud Computing como alternativa para armazenamento dos arquivosBKPML

Abstract:

Esta tese se concentra sobre os debates referentes à relação entre as construções locativas, existenciais e possessivas nas línguas do mundo, dando especial atenção para o caso particular das línguas bantas, para as quais o entendimento mais completo da relação entre aquelas construções só se dá se o domínio conceitual do comitativo for levado em conta. A tese se desenvolve na linha de três grandes questionamentos, que constituem três partes. A primeira se ocupa de questões referentes ao trabalho de campo ou o campo da pesquisa, o da descrição de línguas africanas no Brasil, nesse caso, o de uma linguística africana na Diáspora. São apresentados os principais aspectos gramaticais das línguas do estudo, com ênfase das línguas bantas das zonas H, K e R, englobando assim todo o território de Angola. A segunda parte trata das questões teóricas, apresentando as diversas propostas que almejaram analisar as construções possessivas e outras a elas relacionadas, sendo classificadas em duas: (i) as propostas localistas, para as quais o domínio de possessivos e existenciais são em última instância locativos; e (ii) as propostas não localistas, que buscaram identificar outros fatores na relação de possessivos e as demais construções. Apresentam-se também os questionamentos epistemológicos seguindo as reflexões de um anarquismo epistemológico em linguística. Partindo dos pressupostos da Gramática Cognitiva, os domínios conceituais de locativos, existenciais, comitativos e possessivos são analisados a partir do construto da Análise do Ponto de Referência, considerado como a base conceitual comum àquelas quatro construções. A terceira e última parte é devotada às questões relativas à descrição das construções locativas, existenciais, comitativas e possessivas em línguas bantas. Para cada construção, são consideradas as subconstruções que devem receber uma maior atenção dos estudiosos, para que se tenha um quadro mais completo dos estudos sobre possessivos. Por exemplo, para as construções locativas, uma discussão sobre inversão locativa; para as construções existenciais, a questão do efeito de definitude em línguas bantas; para as construções comitativas, a relação delas com o da coordenação entre NPs, por fim, para as construções possessivas, a relação dessas com os diferentes processos de gramaticalização responsáveis pela grande diversidade das construções de posse predicativa, como o processo de transitivização ou Have-drift. Para uma análise conjunta dessas construções, preocupada com a particularidade tipológica das línguas bantas, propõe-se que se faz necessário um refinamento teórico da categoria semântico-gramatical Controle, encarada como o fator que diferencia locativos, existenciais e comitativos de possessivos.
This dissertation focuses on the debates concerning the relationship between locative, existential and possessive constructions in the languages of the world, paying special attention to the particular case of the Bantu languages, for which a more complete understanding of the relationship between those constructions can only happen if the conceptual domain of comitative is taken into account. The dissertation is developed according to three major questions, which constitute three parts of the work. The first part deals with issues related to field work or the field of the research, the description of African languages in Brazil, in this case, an African linguistics in the Diaspora. The main grammatical aspects of the languages of this study are presented, with emphasis to the Angolan languages, Bantu languages of zones H, K and R. The second part deals with theoretical issues, presenting the various proposals that have wished to analyze possessive constructions and related ones. Those proposals are classified into two types: (i) localist proposals, for which the domain of possessive and existential are ultimately locative; and (ii) Non localist proposals, which tried to identify other factors in the relations of possessive to other constructions. The epistemological questions are also presented, following a reflection of an epistemological anarchism standpoint in linguistics. Based on the assumptions of Cognitive Grammar, the conceptual domains of locative, existential, comitative and possessive are analyzed under the construct of the Reference Point Analysis, considered as the conceptual common basis to those four grammatical constructions. The third and last part is devoted to issues relating to the description of locative, existential, comitative and possessive constructions in Bantu languages. For each construction we considered sub-constructions that should receive a greater attention from scholars, for those who wish a more complete study on predicative possession. For example, for discussion locative constructions one should pay attention to issues related to locative inversion, for existential constructions, the question of the definiteness effect in Bantu languages also should be considered; for comitative constructions, one should relate this construction to that of comitative coordination between NPs, and finally, for possessive constructions, the relation of it with different grammaticalization processes responsible for the great diversity of predicative possession constructions, such as the process of transitivization or \"Have-drift\". For a joint analysis of these constructions concerned with typological characteristic of Bantu languages, it is proposed that it is necessary to refine theoretically the semantic-grammatical category of Control, regarded as the factor that differentiates locative, existential and comitative from possessives.

Abstract:

This dissertation describes and compares the tense-aspect systems found in three southeastern Bantu languages, viz. Chichewa, Citumbuka and Cisena. For each language, an in-depth description of the tense-aspect categories and their use is given based on the analysis of different sources of data: audio recordings of arranged conversations and narratives, questionnaires in which native speakers of Chichewa, Citumbuka and Cisena translated English sentences into their own language, and parallel corpora of Biblical texts as well as direct elicitation and consultation sessions. The description provides evidence of dialectal variation in the tense-aspect systems in each language that has not been described systematically before. Furthermore, it discusses specific diachronic changes, such as the development of the present progressive marker -ku- into a present tense marker in Chichewa. Remoteness distinctions in the past and future tenses, which are common across Bantu, are also found in the three languages under investigation here. The use of these categories is studied in detail and a certain extent of flexibility in their use is observed. For some varieties of Chichewa, a remoteness distinction is even found for past imperfective forms referring to habits or continuous events in the past, a distinction that has not been described previously. Further emphasis is placed on the comparison of tense-aspect markings in negated as opposed to affirmative clauses. In all three languages, the perfect marker -a- is only found in affirmative clauses while a past tense marker or a particular form only found in clauses of this type, a negative perfect marker, occurs in the corresponding negative. The comparison of the three tense-aspect systems shows that the overall design of the systems and the distinctions that are made in the three languages are, despite certain differences, rather similar while the markers that express these distinctions differ across languages in many respects.

Abstract:

O modelo TF-ORM (Temporal Functionality in Objects With Roles Model) é um modelo de dados temporal orientado a objetos que utiliza o conceito de papeis para representar os diferentes comportamentos dos objetos. 0 modelo permite a modelagem dos aspectos estáticos e dinâmicos da aplicação pois considera todos os estados dos objetos ao longo de sua evolução. Sua linguagem de consulta e baseada na linguagem SQL e possibilita a recuperação de diferentes histórias do banco de dados. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema visual de consulta para o modelo TFORM. O VQS TF-ORM (Visual Query System TF-ORM) é um ambiente para recuperação de informações temporais. O sistema permite que as consultas sejam elaboradas de três formas alternativas: textual, gráfica ou por formulários. A linguagem gráfica possui o mesmo poder de expressão da linguagem textual, permitindo que a consulta seja elaborada diretamente sobre o esquema conceitual gráfico do modelo com o auxilio de um conjunto de janelas e elementos visuais. A recuperação de informações utilizando-se formulários não possui o mesmo poder de expressão da linguagem textual, mas possibilita a recuperação dos valores das propriedades de um determinado objeto através de uma hierarquia de janelas. A recuperação de informações através do sistema visual de consulta do modelo apresenta algumas facilidades tais como: representação visual dos operadores temporais do modelo, definição de níveis de detalhe e navegação sobre o esquema gráfico, armazenamento das consultas para posterior utilizando, possibilidade de representar uma consulta textual na forma visual e vice-versa, entre outras. Alem da preocupação com a definição de restrições temporais, o ambiente considera ainda as diferentes formas de apresentação do resultado da consulta que podem ser selecionadas pelo usuário. No sistema apresentado neste trabalho, o modelo TF-ORM é implementado em um banco de dados relacional que utiliza a linguagem SQL para recuperação de informações. Para a implementação do modelo em um banco de dados relacional foi feito um mapeamento, que determina como os conceitos de orientação a objetos, papel e tempo devem ser mapeados para tabelas e atributos no modelo relacional. As consultas realizadas na linguagem TF-ORM são então traduzidas para a linguagem de consulta do banco de dados relacional. O ambiente foi implementado utilizando a ferramenta para desenvolvimento de aplicações Delphi e o banco de dados Watcom, um banco de dados relacional que permite a recuperação de informações no padrão SQL/ANSI.
TF-ORM model (Temporal Functionality in Objects with Roles Model) is an object-oriented temporal data model which uses the role concept to represent different behaviors of objects. The model allows modelling of the static and the dynamic aspects of an application representing all the states of its evolution. The TF-ORM query language is based on the SQL language and enables the recovery of different database histories. This work represents a visual query system for the TF-ORM model. The VQS TF-ORM (Visual Query System TF-ORM) is an environment for recovery of temporal information. The system allows queries to be elaborated in three alternatives way: textual, graphic or by forms. The graphic language has the same functionality of the textual lan g uage permitting the query to be elaborated directly on the graphic conceptual schema of the model this operation is supported by a set of windows and visual elements. The information recovery using forms doesn't have the same functionality of the textual lan guage, but enables recovery of property values of an object through window hierarchies. Information recovery using the visual query system of the model presents some facilities: the visual representation of temporal operators, different levels of details for the navigation on the graphic schema, query storage for later use, possibility of representing a textual query in a visual way and vice-versa. The environment supports the definition of temporal constraints and the selection by the user of different representations forms for the results of a query. In the presented system, the TF-ORM model is implemented in a relational database which uses SQL language for information recovery. In order to implement the model in a relational database, a mapping was done - the concepts of the object orientation, roles and time were mapped in to tables and attributes to the relational model. The queries performed in the TF-ORM language are translated into the query lan guage of relational database. The environment was implemented using Delphi and the Watcom database, a relational database which allows information recovery in SQL/ANSI standard.

Abstract:

Cette étude comparative des langues de l’entre Congo-Ubangi entreprend la documentation, la classification et la reconstruction de dix langues bantoues (bolondó, bonyange, ebudzá, ebwela, libóbi, lingɔmbɛ, mondóngó, monyɔ́ngɔ, mosángé, págáɓéte) parlées dans l’aire géographique comprise entre les fleuves Congo et Ubangi dans le nord-ouest de la RD Congo et présente leur interaction avec les langues oubanguiennes voisines (gbánzírí, gɔ́bú, máɓó, mbānzā, monzɔmbɔ, ngbandi, ngbaka).

Une étude lexicostatistique quantitative détermine le degré de similarité entre les langues bantoues à l’étude avant d’établir classification phylogénétique intégrant ces langues dans un groupe plus large totalisant 401 langues bantoues illustrée par des arbres Neighbor-Net et des Neighbor-Joining.

La description phonologique signale la présence de certains phonèmes étrangers au système proto-bantou (implosives et labiovélaires) fonctionnant non comme des allophones mais des phonèmes distincts de leurs correspondants explosifs et vélaires dans plusieurs langues. Ainsi l’examen de ces éléments ou des traits linguistiques particuliers indique qu’ils seraient des emprunts aux langues oubanguiennes voisines.

Somme toute, Il apparaît que les particularités linguistiques actuelles au niveau segmental, suprasegmental (que nous n’avons pas abordé) et structural des langues bantoues de l’entre Congo-Ubangi seraient liées, en partie, au contact autant dans le passé qu’au présent avec les locuteurs des langues non bantoues, notamment oubanguiennes.

Les emprunts lexicaux, par exemple, révèlent à la fois des emprunts de bantu vers les langues oubanguiennes et des langues oubanguiennes vers le bantu.

Néanmoins, les preuves historiques et archéologiques sur la date et la nature de ces relations de contact est assez faible et nécessite des études interdisciplinaires dans le futur.

Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract:

This dissertation first addresses various shortcomings in definitions of “applicative” when compared to what is actually found across languages. It then proposes a four-way distinction among applicative constructions, relevant at least to Bantu, a large family of languages spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the gradual nature of historical change, differences among construction types may be somewhat graded. In what are called Type A applicative constructions, the applicative morpheme expands the argument structure of its root by introducing an obligatorily present applied phrase. This expansion might result, but need not, in increased syntactic valence of the derived verb stem. Type A includes cases where the applicative on a lexicalized applicative stem still has the ability to introduce an applied phrase. In Type B applicative constructions, the applicative expands the argument structure of its root by introducing an obligatorily present applied phrase and performs other semantic/pragmatic functions on the applied phrase or on the whole clause (e.g. the applied phrase becomes the narrow-focused constituent in the clause). As in Type A, syntactic valence might be increased, but need not be. In Type C applicative constructions, the applicative does not introduce an applied phrase. Instead, it provides semantic nuances to the lexical meaning of its root (e.g. the action described by the root is performed to completion, repetitively, in excess, etc.). Unlike Type A and Type B, Type C constructions are not fully productive and may undergo lexicalization. Fourthly, in Pseudo-applicative constructions, the applicative morpheme found on a lexicalized stem does not introduce an applied phrase and does not perform semantic and/or pragmatic functions described for Type B and Type C. Because the last type, especially, has not been acknowledged in prior literature, the dissertation presents a historically informed case study of 78 pseudo-applicative forms in Tswana (S31), a southern Bantu language spoken in Botswana and South Africa. Finally, this study argues that both the synchronic functions of the Bantu applicative suffix *-ɪd and the lexicalization paths emerging from the study of Tswana pseudo-applicative forms support an original Location/Goal function of *-ɪd in Proto-Bantu, rather than an original Beneficiary function.

Abstract:

Cette thèse est une description des marqueurs verbaux de lètὲɣὲ (téké) langue bantu parlée au Gabon (B71a). Les marqueurs verbaux étudiés sont : le préfixe verbal (marque d’accord), le marqueur de négation kâ…ŋí, les particules énonciatives mâ et mí et la finale verbale. De nombreux linguistes bantouistes considèrent ce domaine d’étude (marqueurs verbaux) comme étant complexe, c’est le cas de Guarisma (2000). Le nombre de marqueurs verbaux en est une des raisons de cette complexité. Il est difficile d’assigner un rôle à certains morphèmes. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre Théorique des Opérations Prédicatives et Enonciatives (TOPE), élaboré par Culioli et ses collaborateurs, voir Culioli (1990,1999a). L’étude de ces morphèmes montre que chacun marque une opération linguistique spécifique
This thesis is a description of verbal markers in lètὲɣὲ (Téké), a Bantu language spoken in Gabon (B 71a). The verbal markers studied are: the verbal prefix (mark of agreement), the negation marker kâ ... ŋí, the enunciating particles mâ and mí and the verbal final. Many Bantuist linguists consider this field of study (verbal markers) to be complex, as is the case with Guarisma (2000). The number of verbal markers is one of the reasons for this complexity. This work is conducted within the framework of the Theory of the Predicative and Enunciative Operations developed by Culioli (1990) and his collaborators. The enunciative study of these elements shows that each of them marks a specific linguistic operation

Abstract:

Cette thèse propose une analyse ethnolinguistique du statut et des fonctions de la musqiue dans la société kwakum de l'est- Cameroun. La première partie situe géographiquement et culturellement cette population et donne une esquisse linguistique de la langue kwakum. La deuxième partie, consacrée à la musique, aborde successivement : le lexique kwakum et la conception de la musique; les instruments et les compétencesi nstrumentales; les chants; les pratiques musicales et l'organisation des répertoires; les veillées funèbres. Cela permet de dégager certains aspects fondamentaux de la musique kwakum : la primauté du jeu vocal sur le jeu instrumental; la prédominance de l'utilisation des instruments rythmiques sur les instruments mélodiques; l'évolution des pratiques musicales qui tendent à se recentrer sur les performances collectives, sur un répertoire "fourre-tout" qui intègre des répertoires traditionnels, et sur la danse en ronde. Au-delà des fonctions de la musique, cette étude permet aussi de dévoiler plusieurs faits socio-culturels caractéristiques, comme par exemple : l'attachement au culte des ancêtres et le rôle symbolique de la rivière; l'importance accordée à la société féminine qui est chargée de protéger le village
This thesis proposes an ethnolinguistical analysis of the status and functions of music in the kwakum society of east-Cameroon. The first part presents geographically and culturally this population and gives a brief description of their language. The second part, devoted to music, gives informations about : kwakum lexicon and conceptionof music; instruments and instrumental skills; musical performances and repertories, funerals. This allows to consider certain fundamental aspects of kwakum music : the primacy of vocal music on instrumental music; the predominance of rythmic instruments on melodic instruments; the evolution of musical practices wich tend to get centered on collective performances, on a single repertoire which includes most of traditional repertoires, and on the roud dance. Beyond of music's functions, this study also reveals several characteristic socio-cultural facts like : the attachement to ancestors worship role and the symbolic role of the river; the importance of the feminine secret society which is charged to protect the village